28 June 2009

Swiss Bank : India has more money in Swiss banks than all the other countries combined !!!!

Hi Friends


Just read the following details and note how these dishonest industrialists,scandalous politicians, corrupt officers, cricketers, film actors, illegal sex trade and protected wildlife operators, to name just a few, sucked this country’s wealth and prosperity. This may be the picture of deposits in Swiss banks only. What about other international banks?


Depositors money in Swiss banks — Swiss Banking Association report, 2008 details bank deposits in the territory of Switzerland by nationals of following countries:



Top 5


India

$1891 billion


Russia

$610 billion


China

$213 billion


UK

$210 billion


UKRAINE

$140 billion


REST OF WORLD

$300 billion




Now do the math’s - India with $1,891 billion or $1.8 trillion has more money in Swiss banks than rest of the world combined. Public loot since 1947:

If this revelation is believed to be true then it is indeed shameful of our government to ignore this fact and still crib about our fiscal debt and unplanned expenditure. The black economy is as big as our real economy. This suggests that we are growing at a much faster pace than actually reported

The facts and figures reveal that the money of Indian nationals is much higher than the money of all other country nationals put together. As per policy, Swiss bank does a tracking of origin of funds before they accept deposits. Then the question is whether 1891 bio $ have come from official channels? I do not think so!

Going by these figures, if Indian nationals withdraw their deposits, the Swiss Bank will collapse as there would be heavy asset liability mismatch and Swiss government would require it to bail out. However this is possible only on paper as where on earth people will keep their black money. There is no safe place than Swiss account. It is high time that banks follow transparent policies and there is adequate disclosure of information.

The same money is flowing in Indian stock market via P-notes who again take the safety net of tax havens created for shell businesses. This is a big global corruption chain which one person cannot break. It requires a revolutionary effort to expose this.

One example is of Bernie Madoff who was arrested for 50 bio $ hedge fund fraud. Are we saying the big institutional investors were not aware of the Ponzi scheme? Impossible! This goes to show how global corruption has been embedded and normal citizens are being duped

What can the government do to bring the money back?

1/ 7-8 years back the government had come out with Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme (VDIS) which has met good success. This scheme allows people to disclose their black money and pay nominal penalty. No action will be taken against such persons. The government should come out with such scheme to arrest such funds. This will help India finances considerably

2/ Income tax authorities should have the rights under RTI/Income Tax Act to ask Indian government to request/pressurise Swiss Bank to reveal the details of the Indian depositors and do an Income mapping in India to identify tax evasion.

3/ Political will is necessary to implement any such step. Most of the people will be reluctant as this might expose the entire chain of corruption prevailing in India. Thus we cannot expect much from our Indian government. In such a situation a mass retaliation by people of India can help. They can use the powers conferred on them by the Indian constitution and pressurise the government to know the details of these deposits

Even if considering that 50% is black money and we are able to bring back 50% of the black money then also we can add 500 bio $ to our kitty which will clean our fiscal debt totally and add 300 bio $ more to our forex reserves

Euro Currency Pics

Revelation on Swiss Bank Accounts "who can save india no one knows where tax payer money is going "
Revelation on Swiss Bank Accounts
This is so shocking . . . . . wish black money deposits was an Olympics event . . . . . India would have won a gold medal hands down.
The second best Russia has 4 times lesser deposit. US is not even there in the counting in top five !! India has more money in Swiss banks than all the other countries combined !!!!
Recently, due to international pressure, Swiss govt. agreed to disclose the names of the account holders only if the respective govts formally asked for it. Indian govt. is not asking for the details . .
. . no marks for guessing why ????
We need to start a movement to pressurise the govt. to do so !!
This is perhaps the only way, and a golden opportunity, to expose the high and mighty and weed out corruption !!

Please read on . . . . . and forward to all the honest Indians to . .. . . like somebody is forwarding to you . . . . . and build a ground-swell of support for action !!

Is India poor, who says? Ask Swiss banks With personal account deposit bank of $1500 billion in foreign reserve which have been misappropriated, an amount 13 times larger than the country's foreign debt, one needs to rethink if India is a poor country?.

DISHONEST INDUSTRIALISTS, scandalous politicians and corrupt IAS, IRS, IPS officers have deposited in foreign banks in their illegal personal accounts a sum of about $ 1500 billion, which have been misappropriated by them. This amount is about 13 times larger than the country's foreign debt. With this amount 45 crore poor people can get Rs 1,00,000 each.
What about other international banks?
Black money in Swiss banks -- Swiss Banking Association report, 2006 details bank deposits in the territory of Switzerland by nationals of following countries :


Might be i am late to write this post but i do not have exact digit so that i post late this all are exact digits!!!!

21 June 2009

VIRUS DICTIONARY

This is a list of biological viruses, and types of viruses are divided in seven groups. they are given as below. Some of them are good and some of them are harmless to animal they are main three types DNA viruses, RNA virus and reverce transcribing virus

Group I : double-stranded DNA viruses
Group II : single-stranded DNA viruses

Group III : double-stranded RNA viruses
Group IV : positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
Group V : negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses

Group VI : reverse transcribing RNA viruses
Group VII : reverse transcribing DNA viruses



List of the virus

A
Abelson leukemia virus
Abelson murine leukemia virus
Abelson’s virus ----Acute laryngotracheobronchitis virus
Adelaide River virus
Adeno associated virus group
Adenovirus
African horse sickness virus
African swine fever virus
AIDS virus
Aleutian mink disease parvovirus
Alfalfa mosaic virus
Alpharetrovirus
Alphavirus
ALV related virus
Amapari virus
Andean potato mottle virus
Aphthovirus
Aquareovirus
Arbovirus
Arbovirus C
Arbovirus group A
Arbovirus group B
Arenavirus group
Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus
Argentinian hemorrhagic fever virus
Arterivirus
Astrovirus
Ateline herpesvirus group
Aujezky’s disease virus
Aura virus
Ausduk disease virus
Australian bat lyssavirus
Aviadenovirus
Avian erythroblastosis virus
Avian infectious bronchitis virus
Avian leukemia virus
Avian leukosis virus
Avian lymphomatosis virus
Avian myeloblastosis virus
Avian paramyxovirus
Avian pneumoencephalitis virus
Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus
Avian sarcoma virus
Avian type C retrovirus group
Avihepadnavirus
Avipoxvirus

B
B virus
B19 virus
Babanki virus
Baboon herpesvirus
Bacterial virus
Baculovirus
Barmah Forest virus
Bean pod mottle virus
Bean rugose mosaic virus
Bebaru virus
Berrimah virus
Betaretrovirus
Birnavirus
Bittner virus
BK virus
Black Creek Canal virus
Bluetongue virus
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever virus
Boma disease virus
Border disease of sheep virus
Borna virus
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2
Bovine coronavirus
Bovine ephemeral fever virus
Bovine immunodeficiency virus
Bovine leukemia virus
Bovine leukosis virus
Bovine mammillitis virus
Bovine papillomavirus
Bovine papular stomatitis virus
Bovine parvovirus
Bovine syncytial virus
Bovine type C oncovirus
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
Broad bean mottle virus
Broad bean stain virus
Brome mosaic virus
Bromovirus
Buggy Creek virus
Bullet shaped virus group
Bunyamwera virus supergroup
Bunyavirus
Burkitt’s lymphoma virus
Bwamba Fever

C
CA virus
Calicivirus
California encephalitis virus
Camelpox virus
Canarypox virus
Canid herpesvirus
Canine coronavirus
Canine distemper virus
Canine herpesvirus
Canine minute virus
Canine parvovirus
Cano Delgadito virus
Capillovirus
Caprine arthritis virus
Caprine encephalitis virus
Caprine Herpes Virus
Capripox virus
Cardiovirus
Carlavirus
Carmovirus
Carrot mottle virus
Cassia yellow blotch virus
Caulimovirus
Cauliflower mosaic virus
Caviid herpesvirus 1
Cercopithecid herpesvirus 1
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 2
Chandipura virus
Changuinola virus
Channel catfish virus
Charleville virus
Chickenpox virus
Chikungunya virus
Chimpanzee herpesvirus
Chub reovirus
Chum salmon virus
Closterovirus
Cocal virus
Coho salmon reovirus
Coital exanthema virus
Colorado tick fever virus
Coltivirus
Columbia SK virus
Commelina yellow mottle virus
Common cold virus
Comovirus
Congenital cytomegalovirus
Contagious ecthyma virus
Contagious pustular dermatitis virus
Coronavirus
Corriparta virus
Coryza virus
Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus
Cowpea mosaic virus
Cowpea virus
Cowpox virus
Coxsackie virus
CPV (cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus)
Cricket paralysis virus
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
Croup associated virus
Crypotovirus
Cucumovirus
Cypovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus group
Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus

D
Defective virus
Deltaretrovirus
Dengue virus
Densovirus
Dependovirus
Dhori virus
Dianthovirus
Diplorna virus
DNA virus
Drosophila C virus
Duck hepatitis B virus
Duck hepatitis virus 1
Duck hepatitis virus 2
Duovirus
Duvenhage virus
Deformed wing virus DWV

E
Eastern equine encephalitis virus
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus
EB virus
Ebola virus
Ebola-like virus
Echo virus
Echovirus
Echovirus 10
Echovirus 28
Echovirus 9
Ectromelia virus
EEE virus
EIA virus
EMC virus
Emiliania huxleyi virus 86
Encephalitis virus
Encephalomyocarditis group virus
Encephalomyocarditis virus
Enterovirus
Enzyme elevating virus
Enzyme elevating virus (LDH)
Epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
Epstein Barr virus
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1
Equid alphaherpesvirus 4
Equid herpesvirus 2
Equine abortion virus
Equine arteritis virus
Equine encephalosis virus
Equine infectious anemia virus
Equine morbillivirus
Equine rhinopneumonitis virus
Equine rhinovirus
Eubenangu virus
European swine fever virus
Everglades virus
Eyach virus

F
Fabavirus
Felid herpesvirus 1
Feline calicivirus
Feline fibrosarcoma virus
Feline herpesvirus
Feline immunodeficiency virus
Feline infectious peritonitis virus
Feline leukemia /sarcoma virus
Feline leukemia virus
Feline panleukopenia virus
Feline parvovirus
Feline sarcoma virus
Feline syncytial virus
Fijivirus
Filovirus
Flanders virus
Flavivirus
Foot and mouth disease virus
Fort Morgan virus
Four Corners hantavirus
Fowl adenovirus 1
Fowlpox virus
Friend virus
Furovirus

G
Gammaretrovirus
GB hepatitis virus
GB virus
Geminivirus
German measles virus
Getah virus
Gibbon ape leukemia virus
Glandular fever virus
Goatpox virus
Golden shinner virus
Gonometa virus
Goose parvovirus
Granulosis virus
Gross’ virus
Ground squirrel hepatitis B virus
Group A arbovirus
Guanarito virus
Guinea pig cytomegalovirus
Guinea pig type C virus

H

Hantaan virus
Hantavirus
Hard clam reovirus
Hare fibroma virus
HCMV (human cytomegalovirus)
Helper virus
Hemadsorption virus 2
Hemagglutinating virus of Japan
Hemorrhagic fever virus
Hendra virus
Henipaviruses
Hepadnavirus
Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis B virus group
Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis D virus
Hepatitis delta virus
Hepatitis E virus
Hepatitis F virus
Hepatitis G virus
Hepatitis nonA nonB virus
Hepatitis virus
Hepatitis virus (nonhuman)
Hepatoencephalomyelitis reovirus 3
Hepatovirus
Heron hepatitis B virus
Herpes B virus
Herpes simplex virus
Herpes simplex virus 1
Herpes simplex virus 2
Herpesvirus
Herpesvirus 7
Herpesvirus ateles
Herpesvirus hominis
Herpesvirus infection
Herpesvirus saimiri
Herpesvirus suis
Herpesvirus varicellae
Highlands J virus
Hirame rhabdovirus
Hog cholera virus
Hordeivirus
Human adenovirus 2
Human alphaherpesvirus 1
Human alphaherpesvirus 2
Human alphaherpesvirus 3
Human B lymphotropic virus
Human betaherpesvirus 5
Human coronavirus
Human cytomegalovirus group
Human foamy virus
Human gammaherpesvirus 4
Human gammaherpesvirus 6
Human hepatitis A virus
Human herpesvirus 1 group
Human herpesvirus 2 group
Human herpesvirus 3 group
Human herpesvirus 4 group
Human herpesvirus 6
Human herpesvirus 8
Human immunodeficiency virus
Human immunodeficiency virus 1
Human immunodeficiency virus 2
Human papillomavirus
Human T cell leukemia virus
Human T cell leukemia virus I
Human T cell leukemia virus II
Human T cell leukemia virus III
Human T cell lymphoma virus I
Human T cell lymphoma virus II
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2
Human T lymphotropic virus I
Human T lymphotropic virus II
Human T lymphotropic virus III

I
Ilarvirus
Infantile gastroenteritis virus
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
Influenza A virus
Influenza B virus
Influenza virus (unspecified)
Influenzavirus (unspecified)
Influenzavirus A
Influenzavirus B
Influenzavirus C
Influenzavirus D
Influenzavirus pr8
Insect virus
Interfering virus

J
Japanese B virus
Japanese encephalitis virus
JC virus
Junin virus

K
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
Kemerovo virus
Kilham’s rat virus
Klamath virus
Kolongo virus
Korean hemorrhagic fever virus
Kumba virus
Kysanur forest disease virus
Kyzylagach virus

L

La Crosse virus
Lactic dehydrogenase elevating virus
Lactic dehydrogenase virus
Lagos bat virus
Lambda phage
Langur virus
Lapine parvovirus
Lassa fever virus
Lassa virus
Latent rat virus
LCM virus
Leaky virus
Lentivirus
Leporipoxvirus
Leukemia virus
Leukovirus
Lumpy skin disease virus
Luteovirus
Lymphadenopathy associated virus
Lymphocryptovirus
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Lymphoproliferative virus group
Lyssavirus

M

Machupo virus
Mad itch virus
Maize chlorotic dwarf virus
Maize rough dwarf virus
Mammalian type B oncovirus group
Mammalian type B retroviruses
Mammalian type C retrovirus group
Mammalian type D retroviruses
Mammary tumor virus
Mapuera virus
Marafivirus
Marburg virus
Marburg-like virus
Mason Pfizer monkey virus
Mastadenovirus
Mayaro virus
ME virus
Measles virus
Melandrium yellow fleck virus
Menangle virus
Mengo virus
Mengovirus
Middelburg virus
Milkers nodule virus
Mink enteritis virus
Minute virus of mice
MLV related virus
MM virus
Mokola virus
Molluscipoxvirus
Molluscum contagiosum virus
Monkey B virus
Monkeypox virus
Mononegavirales
Morbillivirus
Mount Elgon bat virus
Mouse cytomegalovirus
Mouse encephalomyelitis virus
Mouse hepatitis virus
Mouse K virus
Mouse leukemia virus
Mouse mammary tumor virus
Mouse minute virus
Mouse pneumonia virus
Mouse poliomyelitis virus
Mouse polyomavirus
Mouse sarcoma virus
Mousepox virus
Mozambique virus
Mucambo virus
Mucosal disease virus
Mumps virus
Murid betaherpesvirus 1
Murid cytomegalovirus 2
Murine cytomegalovirus group
Murine encephalomyelitis virus
Murine hepatitis virus
Murine leukemia virus
Murine nodule inducing virus
Murine polyomavirus
Murine sarcoma virus
Muromegalovirus
Murray Valley encephalitis virus
Myxoma virus
Myxovirus
Myxovirus multiforme
Myxovirus parotitidis

N
Nairobi sheep disease virus
Nairovirus
Nanirnavirus
Nariva virus
Ndumo virus
Necrovirus
Neethling virus
Nelson Bay virus
Neopvirus
Neurotropic virus
New World Arenavirus
Newborn pneumonitis virus
Newcastle disease virus
Nipah virus
Noncytopathogenic virus
Norwalk virus
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)
Nipple neck virus

O
O'nyong'nyong virus
Oat sterile dwarf virus
Ockelbo virus
Oncogenic virus
Oncogenic viruslike particle
Oncornavirus
Orbivirus
Orf virus
Oropouche virus
Orthohepadnavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Orthopoxvirus
Orthoreovirus
Orungo
Ovine papillomavirus
Ovine catarrhal fever virus
Owl monkey herpesvirus

P
Palyam virus
Papillomavirus
Papillomavirus sylvilagi
Papovavirus
Parainfluenza virus
Parainfluenza virus type 1
Parainfluenza virus type 2
Parainfluenza virus type 3
Parainfluenza virus type 4
Paramyxovirus
Parapoxvirus
Paravaccinia virus
Parsnip yellow fleck virus
Parvovirus
Parvovirus B19
Parvovirus group
Pea enation mosaic virus
Pestivirus
Phlebovirus
Phocine distemper virus
Phytoreovirus
Picodnavirus
Picornavirus
Pig cytomegalovirus
Pigeonpox virus
Piry virus
Pixuna virus
Plant rhabdovirus group
Plant virus
Pneumonia virus of mice
Pneumovirus
Poliomyelitis virus
Poliovirus
Polydnavirus
Polyhedral virus
Polyoma virus
Polyomavirus
Polyomavirus bovis
Polyomavirus cercopitheci
Polyomavirus hominis 2
Polyomavirus maccacae 1
Polyomavirus muris 1
Polyomavirus muris 2
Polyomavirus papionis 1
Polyomavirus papionis 2
Polyomavirus sylvilagi
Pongine herpesvirus 1
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
Porcine parvovirus
Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus
Porcine type C virus
Potato leaf roll virus
Potato mop top virus
Potato virus Y
Potexvirus
Potyvirus
Pox virus
Poxvirus
Poxvirus variolae
Prospect Hill virus
Provirus
Pseudocowpox virus
Pseudorabies virus
Psittacinepox virus
Puumala virus


Q
Quailpox virus

R
Rabbit fibroma virus
Rabbit kidney vaculolating virus
Rabbit papillomavirus
Rabies virus
Raccoon parvovirus
Raccoonpox virus
Radish mosaic virus
Ranikhet virus
Rat cytomegalovirus
Rat parvovirus
Rat virus
Rauscher’s virus
Recombinant vaccinia virus
Recombinant virus
Reovirus
Reovirus 1
Reovirus 2
Reovirus 3
Reptilian type C virus
Respiratory infection virus
Respiratory syncytial virus
Respiratory virus
Reticuloendotheliosis virus
Retrovirus
Rhabdovirus
Rhabdovirus carpia
Rhadinovirus
Rhinovirus
Rhizidiovirus
Rice dwarf virus
Rice gall dwarf virus
Rice ragged stunt virus
Rift Valley fever virus
Riley’s virus
Rinderpest virus
RNA tumor virus
RNA virus
Ross River virus
Rotavirus
Rougeole virus
Rous sarcoma virus
Rubella virus
Rubeola virus
Rubivirus
Russian autumn encephalitis virus

S
SA 11 simian virus
SA2 virus
Sabia virus
Sagiyama virus
Saimirine herpesvirus 1
Salivary gland virus
Sandfly fever virus group
Sandjimba virus
SARS virus
Satellite virus
SDAV (sialodacryoadenitis virus)
Sealpox virus
Semliki Forest Virus
Sendai virus
Seoul virus
Sheeppox virus
Shope fibroma virus
Shope papilloma virus
Simian foamy virus
Simian hepatitis A virus
Simian human immunodeficiency virus
Simian immunodeficiency virus
Simian parainfluenza virus
Simian T cell lymphotrophic virus
Simian virus
Simian virus 40
Simplexvirus
Sin Nombre virus
Sindbis virus
Smallpox virus
Sobemovirus
South American hemorrhagic fever viruses
Sparrowpox virus
Spring beauty latent virus
Spumavirus
Squash mosaic virus
Squirrel fibroma virus
Squirrel monkey retrovirus
SSV 1 virus group
STLV (simian T lymphotropic virus) type I
STLV (simian T lymphotropic virus) type II
STLV (simian T lymphotropic virus) type III
Stomatitis papulosa virus
Submaxillary virus
Suid alphaherpesvirus 1
Suid herpesvirus 2
Suipoxvirus
Swamp fever virus
Swinepox virus
Swiss mouse leukemia virus

T
T4 phage
T7 phage
TAC virus
Tacaribe complex virus
Tacaribe virus
Tanapox virus
Taterapox virus
Tench reovirus
Tenvivirus
Theiler’s encephalomyelitis virus
Theiler’s virus
Thogoto virus
Thottapalayam virus
Tick borne encephalitis virus
Tioman virus
Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco rattle virus
Tobamovirus
Tobravirus
Togavirus
Tomato bushy stunt virus
Tomato spotted wilt virus
Tombusvirus
Torovirus
Tospovirus
Transforming virus
Tumor virus
Tupaia virus
Turkey rhinotracheitis virus
Turkeypox virus
Turnip yellow mosaic virus
Tymovirus
Type C retroviruses
Type D oncovirus
Type D retrovirus group

U
Ulcerative disease rhabdovirus
Una virus
Uukuniemi virus group

V
Vaccinia virus
Vacuolating virus
Varicella zoster virus
Varicellovirus
Varicola virus
Variola major virus
Variola virus
Vasin Gishu disease virus
VEE virus
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever virus
Vesicular stomatitis virus
Vesiculovirus
Vilyuisk virus
Viper retrovirus
Viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus
VIRUS76 viruslike particle : Template
Visna Maedi virus
Visna virus
Volepox virus
VSV (vesicular stomatitis virus)

W
Wallal virus
Warrego virus
Wart virus
WEE virus
West Nile virus
Western equine encephalitis virus
Western equine encephalomyelitis virus
Whataroa virus
Winter Vomiting Virus
Woodchuck hepatitis B virus
Woolly monkey sarcoma virus
Wound tumor virus
WRSV virus

Y
Yaba monkey tumor virus
Yaba virus
Yatapoxvirus
Yellow fever virus
Yug Bogdanovac virus

Z
ZYMV (zucchini yellow mosaic virus)

The little knowledge of mine about Algae

Algae is the common name used to refer to a variety of primitive, plantlike organisms that, strictly speaking, belong to different biological kingdoms. There are seven divisions (phyla) of algae, three of which are predominantly multicellular (and classified as plants), and four of which are unicellular (and classified as protists). Many algae have a simple body called a thallus, which may consist of just a single cell or a row or plate of cells. Unlike true plants, algae have no leaves, stems, roots, or flowers. Like plants, however, they use photosynthesis to grow in sunlight. Most algae live in water, although a few live in damp places on land, such as the surface of moist soil, damp rocks, and tree trunks. Some types of algae grow in symbiotic partnership with fungi to form lichens. Algae range in size from microscopic plankton to seaweeds that reach over 60 meters in length. Some planktonic algae have skeletons made of silica or chalk.
The life cycles of algae vary widely. Some reproduce only asexually, whereas others have complex sexual life cycles involving alternation of generations. The single-celled alga Chlamydomonas, for example, has a lengthy haploid phase (in which the cell contains only one set of chromosomes) followed by a restricted diploid phase (with two sets) – the opposite of the situation in most plants. Some complex algae, such as the seaweed Fucus, have a haploid phase almost as short as in seed-producing plants.
All algae are autotrophs, using the Sun’s energy to build their own food molecules by photosynthesis. Most possess the green, light-trapping pigment chlorophyll, although in many groups the green color is masked by other photosynthetic pigments, such as carotenoids.
Classification
The algae are an ancient and complex group of organisms that was highly diverse before true plants evolved. Because of this they do not fit into a neat system of classification, and scientists disagree over the best way to group them.
The largest algae are seaweeds, which are usually classified as plants. Single-celled algae are usually placed in the kingdom Protista. Cyanobacteria, which were formerly called blue-green algae, are now considered to be bacteria, not algae. They are placed in the kingdom Monera. Lichens consist of algae living in symbiosis with fungi.
The modern system divides the algae into seven divisions (phyla), largely on the basis of their pigmentation, which is thought to reflect their phylogeny (evolutionary relationship). These are:
  • Green algae (Chlorophyta)
  • Brown algae (Phaeophyta)
  • Red algae (Rhodophyta)
  • and yellow-green algae (Chrysophyta)
  • Euglenoid algae (Euglenophyta)
  • (Bacillariophyta)
  • Dinoflagellates (Pyrrhophyta)

Of these, the first three divisions are predominantly multicellular seaweeds, and so are placed in the plant kingdom (although, confusingly, many green algae are single-celled). The remaining four divisions are predominantly single-celled, and so are placed in the kingdom Prostista.

Green Algae
The green algae (division Chlorophyta) include about 7,000 species, ranging from simple, single-celled microorganisms to large seaweeds, such as Ulva (sea lettuce). They are thought to be closely related to true plants because they have cell walls made of cellulose, their chloroplasts contain the pigments chlorophyll a and b, and they store food as starch. The chlorophyll is unmasked by other pigments, giving them a bright green color.

Chlorella
Chlorella is an amazingly simple alga, consisting of a single spherical cell containing one large chloroplast. It inhabits damp places and is also found living inside the cells of the green hydra (Chlorohydra viridissima) – an intimate example of symbiosis.

Motile Algae
Some single-celled species of green alga, such as Chlamydomonas and Volvox, are described as motile because they are able to swim around. To do this they use flagella – threadlike projections from one end of the cell.

Spirogyra
Spirogyra is an extremely common type of green alga found in freshwater. It consists of long, unbranched threads of tubular cells joined end to end and tangled together in a slimy mass, which is found either floating in the water or attached to solid objects.
Stoneworts
The most complicated of the green algae are the stoneworts, such as Chara, which resemble miniature trees growing in freshwater ponds.

Brown Algae
The brown algae (division Phaeophyta) include all of the larger seaweeds, as well as many smaller plants. About 1,500 species are known, most of which grow in shallow water. Sargassum is a notable exception: it forms the huge floating masses in the Sargasso Sea.
The life cycle of many brown algae involves conspicuous alternation of generations, in which a sexually produced diploid plant in one generation is followed by an asexually produced haploid plant in the next. Alternation of generations occurs in true plants also but is much less obvious, the haploid stage appearing only briefly in the form of an egg cell or germinating pollen grain.

Types of Brown Algae
The largest of the brown algae are the kelps, of which Laminaria is a common example. Macrocystis is the largest kelp – individuals are sometimes claimed to exceed 60 meters in length and to weigh as much as 50 kg.
The brown rock weed, Fucus, is probably the best-known brown alga. This familiar seaweed is often found on beaches, where it clings to rocks with its rootlike holdfast, from which grows a cylindrical stalk called a stipe. The stipe branches into flattened lamellae, which in some species bear air-filled bladders that keep the plant afloat when the tide comes in. Fucus reproduces by the fusion of a motile sperm cell with a nonmotile egg cell. A zygote is formed, from which a new plant develops.

Red Algae
The red algae (division Rhodophyta) include about 3,000 species, most of which are marine. They are all multicellular but seldom exceed several centimeters in length.
All red algae have a well-developed haploid generation. In some, the zygote undergoes meiosis (cell division forming two haploid cells from a diploid one) immediately after fusion of the haploid gametes. In others the zygote develops into a multicellular, diploid plant attached to the haploid plant. Diploid spores from this plant develop into diploid offspring plants, which then produce haploid spores from which the new haploid plant grows. These are the only known plants with this type of “alternation” of three generations.
The gelling agent agar is extracted commercially from a type of Japanese red alga (Gelidium).

Golden and Yellow-green Algae
The golden and yellow-green algae (division Chrysophyta) derive their color from photosynthetic pigments called carotenoids. They also possess certain types of chlorophylls, including one not found in true plants or green algae (chlorophyll c). Unlike true plants, which store energy in the form of starch, these algae produce an energy-rich substance called chrysolaminaran. Most chrysophytes are unicellular and live in freshwater.

Euglenoid Algae
Euglenoids (division Euglenophyta) are single-celled algae that move actively using a flagellum. Unlike green algae they do not store food as starch, and they lack rigid cellulose cell walls, possessing instead a finely sculptured protein coat called a pellicle. There are some 1,000 species of euglenoid alga, most of which possess chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b as well as carotenoid pigments. Although most are autotrophs, many lack chloroplasts and feed heterotrophically. Some scientists classify heterotrophic euglenoids as protozoa because they are more animal-like than plantlike. Euglenoids are very common in freshwater habitats, particularly in water polluted by decaying organic matter.

Diatoms
Diatoms (division Bacillariophyta) are microscopic algae that are common in both marine and freshwater habitats. They are the second-most common type of plankton (after cyanobacteria) found in the sea – a single gallon of seawater can contain over a million of them. Together with cyanobacteria they form the base of the marine food chain, on which all marine animals ultimately depend. Their silica-rich cell walls are intricately sculpted and look like jewels when seen through a microscope.
Dinoflagellates
The 21,000 or so species of dinoflagellate typically have two flagella for propulsion and an outer protective coat, which varies enormously in shape between species. Dinoflagellates are found in freshwater and among the marine phytoplankton. They are thought to have been the dominant primary producers on Earth during the Paleozoic era (570–250 million years ago).

03 June 2009

IT'S ME PASHUPATINATH MISHRA

Hi i am user of orkut and i have one more blog that is pvmishra.blog.co.in but i made here one more blog that's due to this is made by Google and it is attractive so that i made a blog here i am new with this blog spot so i do not know to write more just i want to introduce my shelf i am Pashupatinath Mishra i complete my graduation and i was General Sceretery of Gujarat Collage in 2007-2008 and i did B.SC in Chemistry and i also did B.ed. in Maths and science as my subject my plan is to be a IAS or Pilot or Some white collar officer and i will get chance than i want to join NASA i love space and botany and science and Friend (Girls and boys all) and i believe that Truth always win (सत्यमेव जयते) my one more motto is Treat for Treat (जैसे के साथ तैसा). my idole are many but first of all are my mom dad, Grandpa and SANKAR DADA. i have good meant in god, i believe that god is every where! there are many friends of mine but best of them are as follow Mehul Popat, Naresh Rajput, khalid Saikh, Karandeepsingh Bhatia, Ronak Khandavi, Nilesh Solanki, Vikaram Solanki this all are boys and in Girl two are my littel di Priyanka Mishra and Gnyani Patel and my friends are Tejal Patel, Prathama Ghosal, Rashami Rajora, Rakya Mansuri, Ritu Randhawa, Falguni Rakholiya..... (List is very long but i always remember only This person)
Last day i had recieved the result that i Got second class my grand total is 976 out of 1400 i got 69.71% and i am happy with that!!! not to worry i got what i am eligible for!!! Happy with 70%